Dental patients as partners in promoting quality and safety: a qualitative exploratory study.

OBJECTIVE: Active patient involvement in promoting quality and safety is a priority for healthcare. We investigated how dental patients perceive their role as partners in promoting quality and safety across various dental care settings. METHODS: Focus group sessions were conducted at three dental practice settings: an academic dental center, a community dental clinic, and a large group private practice, from October 2018-July 2019. Patients were recruited through flyers or word-of-mouth invitations. Each session lasted 2.5 h and patients completed a demographic and informational survey at the beginning. Audio recordings were transcribed, and a hybrid thematic analysis was performed by two independent reviewers using Dedoose. RESULTS: Forty-seven participants took part in eight focus group sessions; 70.2% were females and 38.3% were aged 45-64 years. Results were organized into three major themes: patients' overall perception of dental quality and safety; patients' reaction to an adverse dental event; and patients' role in promoting quality and safety. Dental patients were willing to participate in promoting quality and safety by careful provider selection, shared decision-making, self-advocacy, and providing post-treatment provider evaluations. Their reactions towards adverse dental events varied based on the type of dental practice setting. Some factors that influenced a patient's overall perception of dental quality and safety included provider credentials, communication skills, cleanliness, and durability of dental treatment. CONCLUSION: The type of dental practice setting affected patients' desire to work as partners in promoting dental quality and safety. Although patients acknowledged having an important role to play in their care, their willingness to participate depended on their relationship with their provider and their perception of provider receptivity to patient feedback.

Subconjunctival Sirolimus-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Dry Eye Disease.

Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of subconjunctival application of a novel sirolimus liposomal formulation for the treatment of dry eye. Methods: A randomized, triple-blind, Phase II clinical trial. Thirty-eight eyes of 19 patients were included. Nine patients (18 eyes) assigned to the sham group (Sham) and 10 patients (20 eyes) to sirolimus-loaded liposomes group (Sirolimus). The treatment group received three doses of subconjunctival liposome-encapsulated sirolimus and the sham group received three doses of liposomal suspension without sirolimus. Subjective (Ocular Surface Disease Index, OSDI) and measured (corrected distance visual acuity, conjunctival hyperemia, tear osmolarity, Schirmer's test, corneal/conjunctival staining and matrix metalloproteinase-9) variables were measured. Results: Sirolimus-entrapped liposomes-treated group OSDI scores changed from 62.19 (± 6.07) to 37.8 (± 17.81) (p=0.0024), and conjunctival hyperemia from 2.0 (± 0.68) to 0.83 (± 0.61) (p<0.0001); Sham group with OSDI scores from 60.02 (± 14.2) to 36.02 (± 20.70) (p=0.01), and conjunctival hyperemia from 1.33 (± 0.68) to 0.94 (± 0.87) (p=0.048). All the other evaluated outcomes only showed significant differences in the sirolimus group: corneal/conjunctival staining score (p=0.0015), lipid layer interferometry (p=0.006), and inferior meibomian gland dropout (p=0.038). No local or systemic adverse effects regarding the medication itself were reported, and the administration route was well accepted. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sub-conjunctival sirolimus-loaded liposomes are effective in reducing both signs and symptoms of dry eye in patients with poorly controlled moderate-to-severe DED, while avoiding other topical administration adverse effects. Further investigation with a larger sample size is required to determine long-term effects.

Left ventricular dyssynchrony as result of right ventricular permanent apical pacing.

La estimulación apical permanente del ventrículo derecho (VD) puede producir asincronía del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) desde los puntos de vista eléctrico y mecánico. Este fenómeno es efecto de una alteración de la activación normal del VI que lleva al deterioro de la función sistólica y la aparición de insuficiencia cardíaca y sus efectos deletéreos relacionados. Para el estudio de la asincronía eléctrica del VI se ha propuesto en fecha reciente el nuevo sistema electrocardiográfico no invasivo Synchromax, que puede cuantificar el grado de asincronía eléctrica que causa una subsecuente asincronía mecánica. Esta última se ha estudiado casi siempre mediante la ecocardiografía transtorácica bidimensional (ETT2D) a través del Doppler tisular y la deformación miocárdica y ahora con la ecocardiografía tridimensional transtorácica en tiempo real (E3DTR). La relación entre estos fenómenos ha sido motivo de estudio a fin de identificar a los pacientes que se benefician de la transición a un tratamiento de resincronización cardíaca. Conclusiones: La estimulación artificial permanente del VD produce asincronía eléctrica del VI que puede cuantificarse mediante el nuevo sistema electrocardiográfico Synchromax y desencadenar asincronía mecánica estudiada mediante la ecocardiografía transtorácica para reconocer a los pacientes que pueden beneficiarse de un tratamiento de resincronización cardíaca.Permanent apical pacing of right ventricle (RV) can produce dyssynchrony of the left ventricle (LV) from an electrical and mechanical point of view. This phenomenon is caused by an alteration in the normal activation of LV leading to a deterioration of systolic function and the appearance of heart failure and its associated deleterious effects. For the study of the electrical asynchrony of the LV, a new noninvasive electrocardiographic system Synchromax has recently been proposed, being able to quantify the degree of electrical asynchrony that leads to a subsequent mechanical dyssynchrony. Th e latter has been traditionally studied by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE) through tissue Doppler and myocardial deformation and lately by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE). The relationship between these phenomena has been the subject of study to predict those patients who benefit from an "upgrade" to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Conclusions: Permanent apical pacing of the RV produces electrical dyssynchrony of the LV that can be quantified using a new electrocardiographic system Synchromax and trigger mechanical asynchrony studied through transthoracic echocardiography allowing to predict those patients who benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy.

La asincronía ventricular izquierda como resultado de la estimulación apical permanente por dispositivos en el ventrículo derecho / Left ventricular dyssynchrony as result of right ventricular permanent apical pacing

Resumen La estimulación apical permanente del ventrículo derecho (VD) puede producir asincronía del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) desde los puntos de vista eléctrico y mecánico. Este fenómeno es efecto de una alteración de la activación normal del VI que lleva al deterioro de la función sistólica y la aparición de insuficiencia cardíaca y sus efectos deletéreos relacionados. Para el estudio de la asincronía eléctrica del VI se ha propuesto en fecha reciente el nuevo sistema electrocardiográfico no invasivo Synchromax, que puede cuantificar el grado de asincronía eléctrica que causa una subsecuente asincronía mecánica. Esta última se ha estudiado casi siempre mediante la ecocardiografía transtorácica bidimensional (ETT2D) a través del Doppler tisular y la deformación miocárdica y ahora con la ecocardiografía tridimensional transtorácica en tiempo real (E3DTR). La relación entre estos fenómenos ha sido motivo de estudio a fin de identificar a los pacientes que se benefician de la transición a un tratamiento de resincronización cardíaca. Conclusiones: La estimulación artificial permanente del VD produce asincronía eléctrica del VI que puede cuantificarse mediante el nuevo sistema electrocardiográfico Synchromax y desencadenar asincronía mecánica estudiada mediante la ecocardiografía transtorácica para reconocer a los pacientes que pueden beneficiarse de un tratamiento de resincronización cardíaca.

Abstract Permanent apical pacing of right ventricle (RV) can produce dyssynchrony of the left ventricle (LV) from an electrical and mechanical point of view. This phenomenon is caused by an alteration in the normal activation of LV leading to a deterioration of systolic function and the appearance of heart failure and its associated deleterious effects. For the study of the electrical asynchrony of the LV, a new noninvasive electrocardiographic system Synchromax has recently been proposed, being able to quantify the degree of electrical asynchrony that leads to a subsequent mechanical dyssynchrony. The latter has been traditionally studied by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE) through tissue Doppler and myocardial deformation and lately by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE). The relationship between these phenomena has been the subject of study to predict those patients who benefit from an “upgrade” to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Conclusions: Permanent apical pacing of the RV produces electrical dyssynchrony of the LV that can be quantified using a new electrocardiographic system Synchromax and trigger mechanical asynchrony studied through transthoracic echocardiography allowing to predict those patients who benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Intravitreal bromfenac liposomal suspension (100 µg / 0.1 ml). A safety study in rabbit eyes.

INTRODUCTION: There is a need to find alternative treatments for MEe. Bromfenac has shown promise in inhibiting the COX-2 enzymatic pathway that partially causes the inflammatory cascade which contributes to the precipitation of ME. However, like other NSAID's, its intraocular half-life is limited. We hypothesize that a delayed-release liposome formulation containing bromfenac might provide a similar anti-inflammatory effect as long-lasting steroid release systems without the well-known steroidal side-effects. We introduced a novel formulation with these characteristics into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes in order to evaluate its safety profile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 10 left eyes of rabbits were injected with the liposome-encapsulated bromfenac suspension (100 µg/0.1 ml). Basal ERG's were recorded. Total follow-up time was 3 months, at which point ERG's were repeated and eyes were enucleated for histopathological study. Total amplitude and implicit times were recorded. A difference of 25% in either recording was considered significant. Significance was assessed using the paired-t test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: No significant changes were recorded in ERG measurements after 3 months when compared to basal measurements. Histopathological analysis of retinal specimens found no traces of liposome-induced toxicity. CONCLUSION: The liposome-encapsulated bromfenac suspension (100 µg/0.1 ml) is not toxic and has been proven safe to use in an animal model. Therefore, this formulation shows promise as a possible future alternative treatment for ME and should be further studied to show its biological effect and efficacy.

Análisis de las características de la válvula mitral en ecocardiograma tridimensional / Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Analysis of Mitral Valve Characteristics

Introducción El ecocardiograma transesofágico en tres dimensiones (ETE 3D) es una herramienta especialmente útil en el estudio de la patología de la válvula mitral. En la bibliografía existe poca información, ninguna de nuestro país, acerca de los valores normales a partir de los cuales se pueda definir la enfermedad. Objetivo Definir los valores normales de las medidas del anillo y de las valvas de la válvula mitral a través del estudio de una población sin cardiopatía utilizando el ETE 3D. Material y métodos Se incluyeron prospectivamente 26 pacientes sin patología cardiovascular que fueron estudiados con ETE en dos y tres dimensiones. Con el mejor volumen 3D adquirido se construyó un modelo tridimensional de la válvula mitral del que se obtuvieron las medidas de las valvas y del anillo (indexadas por superficie corporal). Los datos se presentan como mediana con rango intercuartil. Resultados La edad fue de 64,5 años (39,1-69,7), el 46% eran hombres. Las medidas del anillo mitral fueron: diámetro intercomisural 18,7 mm (16,5-19,9), diámetro anteroposterior 16,4 mm (15,1-17,8), altura 4,4 mm (3,6-5,4), circunferencia en un plano 55,1 mm (52,2-60), circunferencia en 3D 57,8 mm (55,5-64,1), área en un plano 433,9 mm² (405,3-489) y área en 3D 457,8 mm² (431,2-515,8). Las medidas de las valvas fueron: longitud de la valva anterior 13,4 mm (12,4-14), área de la valva anterior 328,6 mm² (297-359,8), longitud de la valva posterior 7,8 mm (7,1-8,3) y área de la valva posterior 242 mm² (214,3-265,5). Se evaluó la reproducibilidad de las mediciones del anillo mitral en 3D y se observó muy buena concordancia tanto intraobservador como interobservador. Conclusiones Los resultados muestran los valores de referencia de las valvas y del anillo de la válvula mitral en una población sin cardiopatía estudiada con ETE 3D. Sientan las bases para futuros estudios que, asociando mediciones similares en todo el rango de gravedad de la patología mitral, permitan definir prospectivamente la sensibilidad y la especificidad del estudio para enfermedad mitral.

Introduction Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) is a useful tool, particularly for the evaluation of mitral valve disease. There are few reports in the literature, none of our country, about the normal values in order to define the disease. Objective The aim of this study was to define the normal values of the mitral valve annulus and leaflets in a population without heart disease using 3D TEE. Methods Twenty-six patients without heart disease were prospectively included and underwent two-dimensional and 3D TEE. The best 3D volume acquired was used to construct a three dimensional model of the mitral valve to measure the mitral valve leaflets and annulus (indexed for body surface area). Data are presented as median with interquartile range. Results Age was 64.5 years (39.1-69.7) and 46% were men. Mitral annulus measurements were: intercommissural diameter 18.7 mm (16.5-19.9), anteroposterior diameter 16.4 mm (15.1-17.8), height 4.4 mm (3.6-5.4), circumference in projection plane 55.1 mm (52.2-60), 3D circumference 57.8 mm (55.5-64.1), area in projection plane 433.9 mm² (405.3-489) and 3D area 457.8 mm² (431.2-515.8). The leaflets measurements were: anterior leaflet length 13.4 mm (12.4-14), anterior leaflet area 328.6 mm² (297-359.8), posterior leaflet length 7.8 mm (7.1-8.3) and posterior leaflet area 242 mm² (214.3-265.5). The reproducibility of mitral annulus measurements in 3D was evaluated and showed good intraobserver and interobserver agreement. Conclusions Results show reference values of the mitral valve leaflets and annulus estimated by 3D TEE in a population without heart disease. These data lay the foundations for future studies which, by associating similar measurements across all the ranges of severity of mitral valve disease, may prospectively define the sensitivity and specificity of the method for mitral valve assessment.

Análisis de las características de la válvula mitral en ecocardiograma tridimensional / Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Analysis of Mitral Valve Characteristics

Introducción El ecocardiograma transesofágico en tres dimensiones (ETE 3D) es una herramienta especialmente útil en el estudio de la patología de la válvula mitral. En la bibliografía existe poca información, ninguna de nuestro país, acerca de los valores normales a partir de los cuales se pueda definir la enfermedad. Objetivo Definir los valores normales de las medidas del anillo y de las valvas de la válvula mitral a través del estudio de una población sin cardiopatía utilizando el ETE 3D. Material y métodos Se incluyeron prospectivamente 26 pacientes sin patología cardiovascular que fueron estudiados con ETE en dos y tres dimensiones. Con el mejor volumen 3D adquirido se construyó un modelo tridimensional de la válvula mitral del que se obtuvieron las medidas de las valvas y del anillo (indexadas por superficie corporal). Los datos se presentan como mediana con rango intercuartil. Resultados La edad fue de 64,5 años (39,1-69,7), el 46% eran hombres. Las medidas del anillo mitral fueron: diámetro intercomisural 18,7 mm (16,5-19,9), diámetro anteroposterior 16,4 mm (15,1-17,8), altura 4,4 mm (3,6-5,4), circunferencia en un plano 55,1 mm (52,2-60), circunferencia en 3D 57,8 mm (55,5-64,1), área en un plano 433,9 mm² (405,3-489) y área en 3D 457,8 mm² (431,2-515,8). Las medidas de las valvas fueron: longitud de la valva anterior 13,4 mm (12,4-14), área de la valva anterior 328,6 mm² (297-359,8), longitud de la valva posterior 7,8 mm (7,1-8,3) y área de la valva posterior 242 mm² (214,3-265,5). Se evaluó la reproducibilidad de las mediciones del anillo mitral en 3D y se observó muy buena concordancia tanto intraobservador como interobservador. Conclusiones Los resultados muestran los valores de referencia de las valvas y del anillo de la válvula mitral en una población sin cardiopatía estudiada con ETE 3D. Sientan las bases para futuros estudios que, asociando mediciones similares en todo el rango de gravedad de la patología mitral, permitan definir prospectivamente la sensibilidad y la especificidad del estudio para enfermedad mitral.(AU)

Introduction Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) is a useful tool, particularly for the evaluation of mitral valve disease. There are few reports in the literature, none of our country, about the normal values in order to define the disease. Objective The aim of this study was to define the normal values of the mitral valve annulus and leaflets in a population without heart disease using 3D TEE. Methods Twenty-six patients without heart disease were prospectively included and underwent two-dimensional and 3D TEE. The best 3D volume acquired was used to construct a three dimensional model of the mitral valve to measure the mitral valve leaflets and annulus (indexed for body surface area). Data are presented as median with interquartile range. Results Age was 64.5 years (39.1-69.7) and 46% were men. Mitral annulus measurements were: intercommissural diameter 18.7 mm (16.5-19.9), anteroposterior diameter 16.4 mm (15.1-17.8), height 4.4 mm (3.6-5.4), circumference in projection plane 55.1 mm (52.2-60), 3D circumference 57.8 mm (55.5-64.1), area in projection plane 433.9 mm² (405.3-489) and 3D area 457.8 mm² (431.2-515.8). The leaflets measurements were: anterior leaflet length 13.4 mm (12.4-14), anterior leaflet area 328.6 mm² (297-359.8), posterior leaflet length 7.8 mm (7.1-8.3) and posterior leaflet area 242 mm² (214.3-265.5). The reproducibility of mitral annulus measurements in 3D was evaluated and showed good intraobserver and interobserver agreement. Conclusions Results show reference values of the mitral valve leaflets and annulus estimated by 3D TEE in a population without heart disease. These data lay the foundations for future studies which, by associating similar measurements across all the ranges of severity of mitral valve disease, may prospectively define the sensitivity and specificity of the method for mitral valve assessment.(AU)

Retrograde axonal transport obstruction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptor in the retina and optic nerve of American Cocker Spaniel dogs with spontaneous glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of retrograde optic nerve axonal transport obstruction at the scleral lamina cribosa level by examining levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor type B (TrkB) in dogs presenting with high intraocular pressure. ANIMALS STUDIED: A total of 10 eyes, four normal and six glaucomatous eyes, from normal and affected American Cocker Spaniels with primary glaucoma were studied. All eyes were assessed by neuro-ophthalmic examination, tonometry, gonioscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy prior to enucleation. METHODS: Immunocytochemistry analysis was performed to evaluate BDNF and TrkB receptor expression in retina and optic nerve in normal and glaucomatous dogs. RESULTS: In all normal eyes BDNF immunostaining was detected in the cytoplasm of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), nerve fiber layer (NFL), optic nerve head cells, and lamina cribosa cells. In all glaucomatous eyes BDNF was more evident in RGC, NFL and lamina cribosa cells. TrkB receptor was detected in the cytoplasm of RGC, NFL and ONH bundles in all normal eyes, and in a more intense pattern in all glaucomatous eyes. CONCLUSIONS: BDNF retrograde axonal transport is substantially inhibited by intraocular pressure elevation. TrkB accumulation at the ONH in glaucoma suggests a role for neurotrophin deprivation in the pathogenesis of RGC death in canine glaucoma, as well as a possible paracrine and/or autocrine signaling within the lamina cribosa. Neurotrophin signaling may regulate more than neuronal development, survival and differentiation. BDNF neurotrophin and its TrkB receptor expression by lamina cribosa cells and ONH astrocytes in glaucomatous eyes may help to determine the role of these cells as a paracrine source in terms of retinal ganglion cell survival, during episodes of elevated intraocular pressure.

Endothelin-1, nitric oxide, and glutamate in the normal and glaucomatous dog eye.

PURPOSE: To document differences in the levels of the endothelin-1 peptide, nitric oxide, and glutamate in aqueous humor and vitreous in the dog eye with spontaneous glaucoma compared to the normal dog eye. METHODS: Samples of aqueous humor and vitreous from enucleated normal eyes (n = 21) of 14 dogs and glaucomatous eyes (n = 8) of eight dogs were collected. Levels of endothelin-1, nitric oxide, and glutamate were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Endothelin-1 aqueous humor levels (mean +/- SD) increased significantly from 3.05 (+/- 1.66) pg/mL for the normal eyes to 6.22 (+/- 2.83) pg/mL for the glaucomatous eyes (P = 0.0054). The increase in vitreous from 1.83 (+/- 1.66) pg/mL for the normal eyes to 2.86 (+/- 1.31) pg/mL for the glaucomatous eyes was not significant (P = 0.0840). Nitric oxide levels (mean +/- SD) increased significantly in aqueous humor from 4.12 (+/- 2.64) microM for the normal eyes to 12.95 (+/- 14.42) microM for the glaucomatous eyes (P = 0.0141). The vitreous levels increased from 4.86 (+/- 3.92) microM for the normal eyes to 15.33 (+/- 16.22) microM for the glaucomatous eyes (P = 0.0179). Glutamate levels (mean +/- SD) decreased nonsignificantly in aqueous humor from 2.35 (+/- 3.84) microM for the normal eyes to 1.61 (+/- 0.74) microM for the glaucomatous eyes (P = 0.9377) and in vitreous from 1.37 (+/- 1.89) microM for the normal eyes to 1.02 (+/- 1.11) microM for the glaucomatous eyes (P = 0.3303). CONCLUSION: Endothelin-1 and nitric oxide increased in aqueous humor and vitreous of dogs with spontaneous glaucoma while the changes in glutamate varied.

Measurement of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal and glaucomatous Cocker Spaniels by scanning laser polarimetry.

OBJECTIVE: To measure changes in the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer in normal and early glaucomatous dogs with scanning laser polarimetry. ANIMALS STUDIED: A total of 45 eyes, 32 normal and 13 glaucomatous eyes, of American Cocker Spaniels with primary glaucoma were used. All eyes were evaluated through a complete neuro-ophthalmic examination, tonometry, gonioscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy prior to enucleation. METHODS: The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was measured in anesthetized animals with scanning laser polarimetry (Nerve fiber analyzer, GDx; Laser Diagnostic Technologies, LTD, San Diego, CA, USA). Glaucomatous eyes retained some vision at the time of this study. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was 141.69 +/- 18 microm for normal dogs and 105.08 +/- 23.86 microm for visual glaucomatous dogs. The average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the superior and inferior retinal quadrants was 148.03 +/- 8.5 and 141.06 +/- 8.73 microm, respectively, for normal dogs, and 106.61 +/- 25.77 and 107.08 +/- 24.99 microm in the superior and inferior retinal quadrants, respectively, for glaucomatous dogs. The superior to nasal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness ratio was 1.45 for normal dogs and 1.26 for visual glaucomatous dogs. CONCLUSIONS: Using scanning laser polarimetry it was possible to detect changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in glaucomatous dogs at early stages of the disease. Therefore, this instrument has the potential to improve the clinical management of canine glaucoma by detecting progressive changes to the retinal nerve fiber layer.

Endothelin 1 levels in the aqueous humor of dogs with glaucoma.

PURPOSE: Endothelin 1 is a small peptide that is involved in regulation of intraocular pressure and modulation of ocular circulation. To investigate the role of endothelin 1 in canine glaucoma, the authors measured aqueous humor levels of endothelin 1 in healthy dogs and in dogs with hypertensive glaucoma. METHODS: Aqueous humor samples were obtained with general anesthesia from the eyes of healthy dogs (n = 5) and dogs with hypertensive glaucoma (n = 10). Measurements were made by enzyme immunoassay for endothelin 1. RESULTS: The endothelin 1 aqueous humor range was 1.12 - 3.63 pg/mL for healthy dogs and 1.97 - 14.97 pg/mL for glaucomatous dogs. The healthy and glaucomatous canine endothelin 1 aqueous levels (mean +/- SD) were 2.33 +/- 0.90 and 8.11 +/- 5.03 pg/mL, respectively. A two-way analysis of variance indicated that this difference was significant (P = 0.0084). The effect of age on endothelin 1 levels was not significant (P = 0.6283). The large variability found within the glaucomatous group could be explained by the degree of damage of the retina (P = 0.0006). There was no significant correlation between intraocular pressure and endothelin 1 aqueous humor levels within the glaucomatous group (P = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: The aqueous humor of dogs with hypertensive glaucoma contains significantly higher levels of endothelin 1 than that of healthy dogs.

Factores de riesgo y complicaciones crónicas en el diagnóstico reciente de la diabetes tipo 2 / Risk factors and chronic complications in the newly diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

Se pesquisó la frecuencia de complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en el momento del diagnóstico y se evaluó la asociación con factores de riesgo como enfermedad cardiovascular, hipertensión arterial, obesidad, dislipidemia y factores bioquímicos asociados. Se estudiaron durante 3 meses, 24 casos con edades entre 30 y 70 años en los servicios de Diabetología y Nutrición, Cardiología y Retina del Hospital Municipal de Oftalmología "Dr. Pedro Lagleyze" de Buenos Aires. Se estudió perfil metabólico, microalbuminuria, fondo de ojo, vascular periférico, neurológico, tensión arterial y obesidad. Se comprobó que la edad promedio fue 50 años. Hallazgos: neuropatía: 5 (25 por ciento): nefropatía: 3 (12,5 por ciento); retinopatía: 6 (25 por ciento); cardiopatía y enfermedad vascular periférica: 13 (54 por ciento); hipertensión arterial: 13 (54 por ciento); obesidad: 3 (12,5 por ciento); hipercolesterolemia: 14 (58 (por ciento); LDLc elevado: 12 (50 por ciento); HDLc bajo: 10 (41,6 por ciento); hiperviscosidad sanguínea: 6 (25 por ciento); hemoglobina glucosilada elevada 18 (75 por ciento); hipertrigliceridemia: 7 (29, 7 por ciento). Se halló que el 100 por ciento) de los pacientes tenían factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes. Se consideró necesario promover la educación pública sobre diabetes, pesquisar los factores asociados y tratar de forma agresiva y precoz la hiperglucemia y los factores bioquímicos agregados(AU)

The frequency of chronic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes at the time of diagnosis was screened and their association with risk factors such as cardiovascular disease, blood hypertension, obesity, dislipidemia and related biochemical factors were evaluated. During three months, 24 cases aged 30-70 years were studied by the Diabetology and Nutrition Service, Cardiology and Retina Services of "Dr Pedro Lagleyze" Municipal Ophthalmology Hospital in Buenos Aires. Metabolic, peripheral vascular and neurologic profiles, microalbuminuria, fundus oculi, blood pressure and obesity were studied. It was proved that average age was 50 years. Findings: neuropathy, 5 (25 percent); nephropathy, 3(12.5 percent); retinopathy, 6(25 percent);cardiopathy and peripheral vascular disease,13(54 percent); blood hypertension,13(54 percent); obesity,3(12.5 percent); hypercholesterolemia, 14(58 percent); high LDLc, 12(50 percent); low HDLc, 10(41.6 percent); high blood visco percent). It was found that all the patients had risk factors linked to diabetes. It was deemed necessary to promote public education on diabetes, screen associated factors, and aggressively and precociously treat hyperglycemia and added biochemical factors(AU)

Factores de riesgo y complicaciones crónicas en el diagnóstico reciente de la diabetes tipo 2 / Risk factors and chronic complications in the newly diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

Se pesquisó la frecuencia de complicaciones crónicas en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en el momento del diagnóstico y se evaluó la asociación con factores de riesgo como enfermedad cardiovascular, hipertensión arterial, obesidad, dislipidemia y factores bioquímicos asociados. Se estudiaron durante 3 meses, 24 casos con edades entre 30 y 70 años en los servicios de Diabetología y Nutrición, Cardiología y Retina del Hospital Municipal de Oftalmología "Dr. Pedro Lagleyze" de Buenos Aires. Se estudió perfil metabólico, microalbuminuria, fondo de ojo, vascular periférico, neurológico, tensión arterial y obesidad. Se comprobó que la edad promedio fue 50 años. Hallazgos: neuropatía: 5 (25 (por ciento): nefropatía: 3 (12,5 (por ciento); retinopatía: 6 (25 (por ciento); cardiopatía y enfermedad vascular periférica: 13 (54 (por ciento); hipertensión arterial: 13 (54 (por ciento); obesidad: 3 (12,5 (por ciento); hipercolesterolemia: 14 (58 (por ciento); LDLc elevado: 12 (50 (por ciento); HDLc bajo: 10 (41,6 (por ciento); hiperviscosidad sanguínea: 6 (25 (por ciento); hemoglobina glucosilada elevada 18 (75 (por ciento); hipertrigliceridemia: 7 (29, 7 (por ciento). Se halló que el 100 (por ciento) de los pacientes tenían factores de riesgo asociados a la diabetes. Se consideró necesario promover la educación pública sobre diabetes, pesquisar los factores asociados y tratar de forma agresiva y precoz la hiperglucemia y los factores bioquímicos agregados(AU)